Slovakia traces its roots to the 9th century state of Great Moravia. The Slovaks then became part of the Hungarian...

In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. The monarchy remained in power...

Geographically the third-smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco), San Marino also claims to be the world's...

The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their...

A global maritime power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the...

Poland's history as a state began near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth...

Two centuries of Viking raids into Europe tapered off after King Olav TRYGGVASON adopted Christianity in 994; conversion of the...

North Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991 under the name of "Macedonia." Greece objected to the new...

The Dutch United Provinces declared their independence from Spain in 1581; during the 17th century, they became a leading seafaring...

The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a...

The Genoese built a fortress on the site of present-day Monaco in 1215. The current ruling GRIMALDI family first seized...