Sugarcane farming is a significant agricultural activity in Kenya, particularly in the Western and Rift Valley regions. It provides a major source of livelihood for small-scale farmers who sell their produce to sugar millers. The industry also plays a vital role in the economy, especially in areas where sugarcane is a dominant crop.
Sugarcane Growing Areas in Kenya
Sugarcane is mainly grown in regions with favorable climatic conditions. The primary sugarcane growing areas in Kenya include:
- Mumias
- Muhoroni
- Chemelil
- Nandi
- Kakamega
- Homabay
- Gucha
- Awendo
- Nyando
- Miwani
- Busia
- Bungoma
- Transmara
Ecological Requirements for Growing Sugarcane
Sugarcane requires specific environmental conditions to grow successfully. These include:
- Soil: Deep, well-drained soil with a pH range of 5.0 to 7.0 is ideal for sugarcane.
- Temperature: Sugarcane thrives in temperatures between 20°C and 28°C.
- Altitude: The ideal altitude for sugarcane farming ranges from 0 to 1800 meters above sea level.
- Rainfall: Annual rainfall should be between 1200 mm and 2000 mm.
Land Preparation
Proper land preparation is essential for successful sugarcane farming. Here’s how to prepare the land:
- Ploughing: The land should be thoroughly ploughed early enough before planting to break up compacted soil.
- Furrows: Furrows should be prepared to a depth of about 30-40 cm to provide enough space for root growth.
Planting Sugarcane
Sugarcane is propagated vegetatively using cuttings from mature stalks. The planting process involves:
- Planting Method: The cuttings are laid horizontally in the furrows and then covered with a thin layer of soil mixed with DAP (Diammonium Phosphate) to enhance root development.
- Spacing: The recommended planting spacing is 1 meter between rows, 1.3 meters between sugarcane sets, and 0.5 meters between cuttings.
Weeding
Weeding is an essential part of sugarcane farming as it prevents competition for nutrients and space. Regular weeding is necessary, and selective herbicides can be used to control weeds effectively.
Pests and Diseases
Sugarcane is susceptible to various pests and diseases, which can significantly affect yields. Common pests include:
- African armyworms
- Stalkborers
- Spotted cane borer
- Pink sugarcane mealybug
Common diseases that affect sugarcane include:
- Sugarcane smut
- Red rot
- Sugarcane mosaic
- Potyvirus
Management: These pests and diseases can be controlled by:
- Using selective sprays and recommended insecticides.
- Planting resistant varieties of sugarcane.
- Practicing proper field hygiene and sanitation.
Harvesting Sugarcane
The time to harvest sugarcane depends on the variety planted:
- Early maturing varieties: Ready for harvest after about 12 months.
- Late maturing varieties: Can take up to 24 months to fully mature.
Harvesting is done when the cane reaches full maturity, and the stems are thick and ready for processing.
Market for Sugarcane in Kenya
The primary market for sugarcane in Kenya is the sugar milling industry, where sugarcane is processed into sugar and other products. Farmers can enter into contracts with sugar millers to supply their sugarcane.
Besides the commercial market, sugarcane is also sold directly to consumers, particularly in urban areas. Street vendors often sell sugarcane in wheelbarrows, with prices ranging from Ksh 10 for a small piece. This provides an additional income source for farmers and vendors alike.
Conclusion
Sugarcane farming in Kenya is a profitable venture, especially for small-scale farmers in sugarcane-growing regions. With proper land preparation, pest management, and access to markets, farmers can enjoy good returns from sugarcane production. Whether selling to sugar mills or directly to consumers, sugarcane remains a valuable cash crop in Kenya’s agricultural sector.
