Jamaica

Europeans first saw Jamaica when Christopher COLUMBUS arrived in 1494, and the Spanish settled the island early in the 16th century. The Native Taino, who had inhabited Jamaica for centuries, were gradually exterminated and replaced with African slaves. England seized the island in 1655 and established a plantation economy based on sugar, cocoa, and coffee. The abolition of slavery in 1834 freed a quarter-million slaves, many of whom became small farmers. Jamaica gradually increased its independence from Britain. In 1958, it joined other British Caribbean colonies in forming the Federation of the West Indies. Jamaica withdrew from the Federation in 1961 and gained full independence in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurring violence as rival gangs affiliated with the major political parties evolved into powerful organized crime networks involved in international drug smuggling and money laundering. Violent crime, drug trafficking, corruption, and poverty pose significant challenges to the government today. Nonetheless, many rural and resort areas remain relatively safe and contribute substantially to the economy.TipVisit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.Definitions and Notes

Geography

Location

Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba

Geographic coordinates

18 15 N, 77 30 W

Map references

Central America and the Caribbean

Area

total : 10,991 sq km

land: 10,831 sq km

water: 160 sq km

comparison ranking: total 166

Area – comparative

about half the size of New Jersey; slightly smaller than Connecticut

Area comparison map:

Land boundaries

total: 0 km

Coastline

1,022 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

Terrain

mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

Elevation

highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m

lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

mean elevation: 18 m

Natural resources

bauxite, alumina, gypsum, limestone

Land use

agricultural land: 38.5% (2022 est.)

arable land: 11.1% (2022 est.)

permanent crops: 6.3% (2022 est.)

permanent pasture: 21.1% (2022 est.)

forest: 55.8% (2022 est.)

other: 5.7% (2022 est.)

Irrigated land

250 sq km (2012)

Population distribution

population density is high throughout, but increases in and around Kingston, Montego Bay, and Port Esquivel

Natural hazards

hurricanes (especially July to November)

Geography – note

third largest island in the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola); strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal

People and Society

Population

total: 2,823,713 (2024 est.)

male: 1,397,495

female: 1,426,218

comparison rankings: total 140; female 140; male 141

Nationality

noun: Jamaican(s)

adjective: Jamaican

Ethnic groups

Black 92.1%, mixed 6.1%, East Indian 0.8%, other 0.4%, unspecified 0.7% (2011 est.)

Languages

English, Jamaican patois

Religions

Protestant 64.8% (includes Seventh Day Adventist 12.0%, Pentecostal 11.0%, Other Church of God 9.2%, New Testament Church of God 7.2%, Baptist 6.7%, Church of God in Jamaica 4.8%, Church of God of Prophecy 4.5%, Anglican 2.8%, United Church 2.1%, Methodist 1.6%, Revived 1.4%, Brethren 0.9%, and Moravian 0.7%), Roman Catholic 2.2%, Jehovah’s Witness 1.9%, Rastafarian 1.1%, other 6.5%, none 21.3%, unspecified 2.3% (2011 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 23.8% (male 342,691/female 329,773)

15-64 years: 65.7% (male 914,364/female 941,816)

65 years and over: 10.4% (2024 est.) (male 140,440/female 154,629)

2024 population pyramid:

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 52.1 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 36.2 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 15.9 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio: 6.3 (2024 est.)

Median age

total: 30.9 years (2024 est.)

male: 30.1 years

female: 31.7 years

comparison ranking: total 130

Population growth rate

0.1% (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 185

Birth rate

15.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 105

Death rate

7.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 100

Net migration rate

-7.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 217

Population distribution

population density is high throughout, but increases in and around Kingston, Montego Bay, and Port Esquivel

Urbanization

urban population: 57.4% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas – population

597,000 KINGSTON (capital) (2023)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother’s mean age at first birth

21.2 years (2008 est.)

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-29

Maternal mortality ratio

99 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: 69

Infant mortality rate

total: 10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 11.9 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 9.4 deaths/1,000 live births

comparison ranking: total 129

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 76.3 years (2024 est.)

male: 74.5 years

female: 78.1 years

comparison ranking: total population 111

Total fertility rate

2.05 children born/woman (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 98

Gross reproduction rate

1 (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

improved:

urban: 98.3% of population

rural: 93.9% of population

total: 96.4% of population

unimproved:

urban: 1.7% of population

rural: 6.1% of population

total: 3.6% of population (2020 est.)

Health expenditure

7.2% of GDP (2021)

19% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

0.46 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Hospital bed density

1.7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved:

urban: 98.6% of population

rural: 99.4% of population

total: 98.9% of population

unimproved:

urban: 1.4% of population

rural: 0.6% of population

total: 1.1% of population (2020 est.)

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

24.7% (2016)

comparison ranking: 55

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 3.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 1.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 0.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 1.66 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: total 104

Tobacco use

total: 9% (2025 est.)

male: 15.1% (2025 est.)

female: 3.1% (2025 est.)

comparison ranking: total 135

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

2.5% (2018/19)

comparison ranking: 88

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

32.7% (2023 est.)

Education expenditure

5.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

14.5% national budget (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: Education expenditure (% GDP) 36

Literacy

total population: 88.7%

male: 84%

female: 90.8% (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 12 years

male: 11 years

female: 13 years (2015)

Environment

Environment – current issues

heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston from vehicle emissions; land erosion

Environment – international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

Land use

Urbanization

urban population: 57.4% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 14.83 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 8.23 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 1.08 megatons (2020 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 1,051,695 tons (2016 est.)

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 140 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 1.1 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 110 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources

10.82 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Government

Country name

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Jamaica

etymology: from the Arawak word xaymaca, meaning “Land of Wood and Water” or possibly “Land of Springs”

Government type

parliamentary democracy (Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm

Capital

name: Kingston

geographic coordinates: 18 00 N, 76 48 W

time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the name is a blend of the words “king’s” and “town;” named after the English king at the time of the city’s founding in 1692, WILLIAM III

Administrative divisions

14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland

note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation

Legal system

common law system based on the English model

Constitution

history: several previous (pre-independence); latest drafted 1961-62, submitted to British Parliament 24 July 1962, entered into force 6 August 1962 (at independence)

amendment process: proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments to “non-entrenched” constitutional sections, such as lowering the voting age, requires majority vote by the Parliament membership; passage of amendments to “entrenched” sections, such as fundamental rights and freedoms, requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament; passage of amendments to “specially entrenched” sections such as the dissolution of Parliament or the executive authority of the monarch requires two-thirds approval by Parliament and approval in a referendum

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent only: yes

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 4 out of the previous 5 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Sir Patrick L. ALLEN (since 26 February 2009)

head of government: Prime Minister Andrew HOLNESS (since 3 March 2016)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the governor general appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Representatives as prime minister

Legislative branch

legislature name: Parliament

legislative structure: bicameral

Legislative branch – lower chamber

chamber name: House of Representatives

number of seats: 63 (all directly elected)

electoral system: plurality/majority

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 5 years

most recent election date: 9/3/2020

parties elected and seats per party: Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) (49); People’s National Party (PNP) (14)

percentage of women in chamber: 28.6%

expected date of next election: September 2025

Legislative branch – upper chamber

chamber name: Senate

number of seats: 21 (all appointed)

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 5 years

most recent election date: 9/15/2020

percentage of women in chamber: 40%

expected date of next election: September 2025

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of president of the court and a minimum of 4 judges); Supreme Court (40 judges organized in specialized divisions)

judge selection and term of office: chief justice of the Supreme Court and president of the Court of Appeal appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister; other judges of both courts appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission; judges of both courts serve till age 70

subordinate courts: resident magistrate courts, district courts, and petty sessions courts

note: appeals beyond Jamaica’s highest courts are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) rather than to the Caribbean Court of Justice (the appellate court for member states of the Caribbean Community)

Political parties

Jamaica Labor Party or JLP
Jamaica Progressive Party or JPP
People’s National Party or PNP
United Independents’ Congress or UIC

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Major General (Ret’d) Antony ANDERSON (since 28 May 2025)

chancery: 1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone: [1] (202) 452-0660

FAX: [1] (202) 452-0036

email address and website:
[email protected]

Jamaican Embassy (embassyofjamaica.org)

consulate(s) general: Miami, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Amy TACHCO (since January 2025)

embassy: 142 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6

mailing address: 3210 Kingston Place, Washington DC 20521-3210

telephone: (876) 702-6000

FAX: (876) 702-6348

email address and website:
[email protected]

https://jm.usembassy.gov/

International organization participation

ACP, ACS, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Independence

6 August 1962 (from the UK)

National holiday

Independence Day, 6 August (1962)

Flag description

diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles, two green (top and bottom) and two black (hoist side and fly side); green stands for hope, vegetation, and agriculture, black for hardships overcome and to be faced, and yellow for sunshine and natural resources

National symbol(s)

green-and-black streamertail (bird), guaiacwood (Guiacum officinale)

National color(s)

green, yellow, black

National anthem

name: “Jamaica, Land We Love”

lyrics/music: Hugh Braham SHERLOCK/Robert Charles LIGHTBOURNE

note: adopted 1962

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 1 (mixed)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Blue and John Crow Mountains

Economy

Economic overview

upper-middle-income Caribbean island economy; key agriculture and tourism sectors; high crime, youth unemployment, and poverty; susceptible to natural disasters and global commodity price shocks; progress in reducing public debt and moderating inflation within target range

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$29.225 billion (2023 est.)
$28.596 billion (2022 est.)
$27.177 billion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

comparison ranking: 149

Real GDP growth rate

2.2% (2023 est.)
5.22% (2022 est.)
4.6% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

comparison ranking: 138

Real GDP per capita

$10,300 (2023 est.)
$10,100 (2022 est.)
$9,600 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

comparison ranking: 144

GDP (official exchange rate)

$19.423 billion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.4% (2024 est.)
6.5% (2023 est.)
10.3% (2022 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

comparison ranking: 157

GDP – composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 9% (2023 est.)

industry: 18.6% (2023 est.)

services: 60.1% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

comparison rankings: services 88; industry 152; agriculture 83

GDP – composition, by end use

household consumption: 76.2% (2019 est.)

government consumption: 13.6% (2019 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 24.1% (2019 est.)

investment in inventories: 0.2% (2019 est.)

exports of goods and services: 38% (2019 est.)

imports of goods and services: -52.1% (2019 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agricultural products

sugarcane, goat milk, yams, chicken, oranges, coconuts, bananas, plantains, pumpkins/squash, pineapples (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries

agriculture, mining, manufacture, construction, financial and insurance services, tourism, telecommunications

Industrial production growth rate

4.98% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

comparison ranking: 51

Labor force

1.57 million (2024 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

comparison ranking: 133

Unemployment rate

4.9% (2024 est.)
4.4% (2023 est.)
4.1% (2022 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

comparison ranking: 93

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 14.5% (2024 est.)

male: 12.9% (2024 est.)

female: 16.4% (2024 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

comparison ranking: total 89

Population below poverty line

16.7% (2021 est.)

Gini Index coefficient – distribution of family income

40.2 (2021 est.)

comparison ranking: 45

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.2% (2021 est.)

highest 10%: 29.9% (2021 est.)

Remittances

18.54% of GDP (2023 est.)
21.57% of GDP (2022 est.)
25.29% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget

revenues: $4.041 billion (2020 est.)

expenditures: $4.12 billion (2020 est.)

note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Public debt

106.3% of GDP (2020 est.)

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

comparison ranking: 17

Taxes and other revenues

25.7% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

comparison ranking: 40

Current account balance

$568.932 million (2023 est.)
-$136.401 million (2022 est.)
$149.262 million (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments – net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

comparison ranking: 65

Exports

$7.275 billion (2023 est.)
$6.424 billion (2022 est.)
$4.401 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments – exports of goods and services in current dollars

comparison ranking: 127

Exports – partners

USA 37%, Russia 7%, Latvia 7%, Iceland 7%, UK 5% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports – commodities

aluminum oxide, refined petroleum, natural gas, liquor, processed fruits and nuts (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports

$9.866 billion (2023 est.)
$9.726 billion (2022 est.)
$7.405 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments – imports of goods and services in current dollars

comparison ranking: 124

Imports – partners

USA 39%, China 11%, Brazil 4%, Colombia 4%, Japan 4% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports – commodities

refined petroleum, natural gas, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$4.869 billion (2023 est.)
$4.52 billion (2022 est.)
$4.838 billion (2021 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

comparison ranking: 103

Debt – external

$9.636 billion (2023 est.)

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

comparison ranking: 50

Exchange rates

Jamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar –

Exchange rates:
156.44 (2024 est.)
154.159 (2023 est.)
153.427 (2022 est.)
150.79 (2021 est.)
142.403 (2020 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification – total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 1.242 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption: 3.301 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 1.181 billion kWh (2023 est.)

comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 108; consumption 139; installed generating capacity 129

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 87.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar: 2.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind: 6.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity: 2.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

biomass and waste: 1.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal

consumption: 106,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

exports: 100 metric tons (2022 est.)

imports: 105,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 3,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 41,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption: 822.549 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports: 822.549 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

7.89 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 239,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 6.04 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 1.611 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: total emissions 117

Energy consumption per capita

42.095 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 100

Communications

Telephones – fixed lines

total subscriptions: 459,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 95

Telephones – mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 3.27 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 106 (2022 est.)

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 140

Broadcast media

3 free-to-air TV stations, subscription cable services, and roughly 30 radio stations (2019)

Internet country code

.jm

Internet users

percent of population: 83% (2023 est.)

Broadband – fixed subscriptions

total: 448,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: total 102

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports

20 (2025)

comparison ranking: 138

Heliports

2 (2025)

comparison ranking: 133

Merchant marine

total: 40 (2023)

by type: bulk carrier 1, general cargo 11, oil tanker 1, other 27

comparison ranking: total 125

Ports

total ports: 11 (2024)

large: 0

medium: 1

small: 2

very small: 8

ports with oil terminals: 5

key ports: Falmouth, Kingston, Lucea, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, Port Antonio, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Rio Bueno, Rocky Point, Savannah la Mar

Military and Security

Military and security forces

Jamaica Defense Force (JDF): Jamaica Regiment (Land Force), Maritime, Air, and Cyber Command (MACC), Support Brigade, Caribbean Military Academy, Jamaica National Reserve (2025)

note: the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) is the country’s police force; it has primary responsibility for internal security and has units for community policing, special response, intelligence gathering, and internal affairs; both it and the JDF are under the Ministry of National Security

Military expenditures

1.4% of GDP (2024 est.)
1.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
1.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 4,000 active Jamaica Defense Forces (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the JDF is lightly armed with a limited inventory featuring equipment mostly from Australia, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the UK, and the US (2024)

Military service age and obligation

18-23 for voluntary military service (17 with parental consent) for men and women; 18-28 for the reserves; no conscription; since 2017, the JDF’s standard mode of recruitment is to enroll recruits ages 18-23 through the Jamaica National Service Corps (JNSC), which has a service requirement of 12 months (2025)

note 1: the Jamaica Combined Cadet Force (JCCF), a youth organization under the Ministry of Security, also provides a recruitment pool for the JDF, as well as other government agencies

note 2: as of 2022, women made up about 20% of the JDF’s uniformed personnel

Military – note

in addition to its responsibility of defending against external aggression, the Jamaican Defense Force’s (JDF) primary missions are border, cyber, internal, and maritime security; other missions include search and rescue, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and peacekeeping; it has arrest authority and partners with the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF), particularly in support of combating crime and violence; both the JDF and JCF are under the Ministry of National Security, which directs policy for the security forces; the JDF participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises, including with the armed forces of Canada, the UK, the US, and other Caribbean nations

while Jamaica had a militia force as early as the 1660s, the JDF was constituted in 1962 from the West India Regiment (WIR), a British colonial regiment which dates back to 1795 (2025)

Transnational Issues

Illicit drugs

Jamaica is the largest Caribbean source of marijuana and a transit point for cocaine trafficked from South America to North America and other international markets; criminal gangs in Jamaica, Haiti, and Central America use marijuana for currency to obtain guns or other contraband from criminal entities in Haiti and Central America